Layer 7 — Electrical: power distribution (grid to rack)

Position in the die→grid hierarchy: the building.

Electrical distribution from the grid to the rack: large power transformers and HV switchgear, MV/LV distribution, busway, UPS and batteries, backup generators and their controls, and the emerging 800 V DC architecture.

Parts in this layer

• 7.01 Large power transformers (345–765 kV) & substationsconstrained · 18 companies
  Grid-scale transformers and switchyards that step transmission voltage down to what a data center campus can use, plus the substation civil works around them.
• 7.02 HV switchgear, GIS, breakers, protection relays · 21 companies
  The high-voltage switching, protection, and fault-isolation gear between the substation transformers and the campus's medium-voltage distribution, including gas-insulated (GIS) designs for compact sites.
• 7.03 MV switchgear, E-houses, power skids · 12 companies
  Medium-voltage switchgear packaged into pre-fabricated electrical houses (E-houses) or skids that distribute power across a campus and can be factory-built and shipped as modules.
• 7.04 MV/LV transformers (pad-mount, dry-type, cast-resin) · 18 companies
  Step-down transformers that take medium-voltage distribution down to the low voltage used inside a building, available in pad-mount (outdoor, oil-filled) and dry-type or cast-resin (indoor) designs.
• 7.05 LV switchgear, switchboards, panelboards · 10 companies
  Low-voltage electrical distribution equipment — switchgear, switchboards, and panelboards — that receives power from MV/LV transformers and distributes it onward to busway, PDUs, and building loads.
• 7.06 Busway / busbar trunking · 10 companies
  Rigid, modular busbar systems that carry power along a data hall's overhead or perimeter path with tap-off points, used as an alternative to running individual cables to each row.
• 7.07 Floor PDUs, RPPs, static transfer switches, ATS · 12 companies
  Floor-mounted power distribution units, remote power panels, and the static and automatic transfer switches that route power between utility, UPS, and generator sources down to the rack level.
• 7.08 Circuit protection, fuses, surge, grounding · 10 companies
  Fuses, circuit breakers, surge protection devices, and grounding systems that protect electrical equipment and personnel throughout the power chain, from switchgear down to the rack.
• 7.09 LV cable, wire, tray, raceway · 18 companies
  Low-voltage power cable and wire, and the tray and raceway systems that route and support it between switchgear, PDUs, and racks.
• 7.10 UPS (static, modular, rotary/DRUPS) & UPS power semis · 24 companies
  Uninterruptible power supplies that bridge the gap between a utility outage and generator start, built as static (battery-based), modular, or rotary/diesel-rotary (DRUPS) designs, plus the power semiconductors inside them.
• 7.11 Energy storage: UPS batteries & BESS · 28 companies
  Battery systems that store energy for UPS ride-through, plus larger grid-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) that a campus can use for peak shaving, load smoothing, or backup at a scale beyond a single UPS.
• 7.12 Power smoothing / supercapacitors (GPU load-swing mitigation) · 5 companies
  Supercapacitor-based and firmware-coordinated systems that absorb the fast, large power swings synchronized GPU training and inference jobs create, protecting upstream electrical equipment and the grid from those transients.
• 7.13 Backup generation: gensets, fuel systems, HVO · 20 companies
  Diesel or gas-fired backup generators, their fuel storage and delivery systems, and renewable diesel (HVO) as a lower-emission fuel alternative, providing power when utility and UPS ride-through are not enough.
• 7.14 Paralleling switchgear & generator controls · 10 companies
  Switchgear and control systems that synchronize and combine the output of multiple generators so they can operate as one larger backed-up power source, and manage the transition between utility, UPS, and generator power.
• 7.15 Metering, power quality, monitoring · 13 companies
  Meters and power-quality monitoring equipment installed throughout the electrical chain to measure consumption, detect anomalies, and feed the data facility operators use to manage load and bill tenants.
• 7.16 800 V DC architecture & solid-state transformers (Rubin / Kyber era) · 23 companies
  An emerging DC power distribution architecture, using 800 V DC in place of the AC busbar and power-shelf approach current racks use, paired with solid-state transformers (SSTs) that could replace multiple stages of conventional AC transformation.

Public plays in this layer

Listed companies with the most part placements in layer 7. Placement count is breadth, not revenue exposure.