{
 "id": "5.08",
 "slug": "immersion-cooling-systems",
 "url": "/parts/liquid-cooling-it-side-chip-to-cdu/immersion-cooling-systems",
 "name": "Immersion cooling systems",
 "qualifiers": null,
 "layer": {
  "id": 5,
  "name": "Liquid cooling (IT-side: chip to CDU)"
 },
 "parent_id": null,
 "children": [],
 "summary": "Systems that submerge servers or trays directly in a dielectric fluid, either in open tanks (single-phase) or sealed chambers where the fluid boils and recondenses (two-phase), to cool the whole tray rather than individual dies.",
 "description_md": "Immersion cooling replaces the cold-plate-and-manifold chain entirely: instead of routing coolant to each die through a plate, the whole server tray sits in a bath of dielectric fluid that carries heat away by direct contact. Single-phase systems keep the fluid liquid throughout and rely on pumps and heat exchangers to move heat out of the tank; two-phase systems let the fluid boil at the hot surfaces and recondense at a coil, using the phase change itself to move heat more efficiently. It is a different mechanical and facility design from the rack-based direct-to-chip chain used elsewhere in this layer — servers and racks built for immersion need different chassis, connectors, and serviceability approaches, and retrofitting an existing air-cooled or direct-to-chip hall for immersion is a bigger undertaking than adding cold plates. Adoption has concentrated in specific use cases rather than becoming the default alongside direct-to-chip. Investors should watch it as a higher-conviction, narrower bet than direct-to-chip cooling: fewer vendors, less standardization, and adoption tied to specific operators and use cases rather than broad industry uptake.",
 "ai_delta": null,
 "bottleneck_status": null,
 "scale_tiers": [
  "enterprise",
  "hyperscale_building",
  "ai_campus"
 ],
 "density_modes": [
  "liquid"
 ],
 "scale_notes": "Deployment depends on a design choice to build for immersion rather than direct-to-chip; where used, tank or chamber count scales with server count rather than facility power tier.",
 "flow": [
  "heat"
 ],
 "companies": [
  {
   "company_id": "asperitas",
   "name": "Asperitas",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "firmus",
   "name": "Firmus (Sustainable Metal Cloud)",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "grc",
   "name": "GRC",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "hypertec",
   "name": "Hypertec",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "iceotope",
   "name": "Iceotope",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "liquidstack",
   "name": "LiquidStack",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "midas",
   "name": "Midas",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "submer",
   "name": "Submer",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "tmgcore",
   "name": "TMGcore",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  }
 ]
}