{
 "id": "4.02",
 "slug": "ems-system-integration-and-rack-level-test",
 "url": "/parts/servers-racks-and-integration/ems-system-integration-and-rack-level-test",
 "name": "EMS, system integration & rack-level test",
 "qualifiers": null,
 "layer": {
  "id": 4,
  "name": "Servers, racks & integration"
 },
 "parent_id": null,
 "children": [
  "4.02a"
 ],
 "summary": "Electronics manufacturing services firms assemble, wire and burn-in the finished server or rack before it ships, standing between the ODM board build and the customer's data center floor.",
 "description_md": "EMS providers sit downstream of the board and tray builders (4.03, 4.04): they take built boards, populate chassis, route cabling, install the liquid-cooling loop hardware from layer 5, and run rack-level test and burn-in before a system leaves the factory. Several of the same companies that design and build the boards also run their own integration lines, while pure-play EMS firms take on integration and test work for OEMs that don't want to run factories themselves. AI racks make this step harder and more valuable: a liquid-cooled, multi-tray cabinet with a large number of internal cables and connectors has far more failure points to catch before shipment than a conventional 1U server, and a leak or a bad connection discovered in the field is expensive to fix. That raises the bar for test equipment and floor space, and it means integration capacity — not just chip supply — can gate how fast a rack generation ships. For investors, the signal to watch is which integrators win capacity commitments tied to a new rack generation, since qualification and yield on rack-level test tend to lag the underlying silicon ramp.",
 "ai_delta": "AI rack complexity — liquid cooling, dense internal cabling, tight power budgets — raises the bar for pre-ship test and burn-in well past what a standard server requires.",
 "bottleneck_status": null,
 "scale_tiers": [
  "enterprise",
  "hyperscale_building",
  "ai_campus",
  "gw_class"
 ],
 "density_modes": [
  "any"
 ],
 "scale_notes": "enterprise servers get factory test at the unit level; hyperscale-and-up rack-scale systems require dedicated rack-level test cells and longer burn-in cycles.",
 "flow": [
  "compute",
  "power"
 ],
 "companies": [
  {
   "company_id": "benchmark",
   "name": "Benchmark",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "BHE",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "celestica",
   "name": "Celestica",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "CLS",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "compal",
   "name": "Compal",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "2324.TW",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "flex",
   "name": "Flex",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "FLEX",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "foxconn",
   "name": "Foxconn (Hon Hai)",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "2317.TW",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": "US and Mexico rack-integration sites run by",
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "inventec",
   "name": "Inventec",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "2356.TW",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "jabil",
   "name": "Jabil",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "JBL",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "kimball",
   "name": "Kimball",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "KE",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "plexus",
   "name": "Plexus",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "PLXS",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "quanta-computer",
   "name": "Quanta Computer",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "2382.TW",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "sanmina",
   "name": "Sanmina",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "SANM",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "wistron",
   "name": "Wistron",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "3231.TW",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  }
 ]
}