{
 "id": "10.04",
 "slug": "rare-earths-and-permanent-magnets-fans-motors",
 "url": "/parts/materials-and-upstream-inputs/rare-earths-and-permanent-magnets-fans-motors",
 "name": "Rare earths & permanent magnets",
 "qualifiers": "fans, motors, gensets, wind",
 "layer": {
  "id": 10,
  "name": "Materials & upstream inputs"
 },
 "parent_id": null,
 "children": [],
 "summary": "Rare-earth elements and the permanent magnets made from them, used in motors and fans throughout the facility, from server and cooling fans to generator and turbine components.",
 "description_md": "Neodymium-iron-boron and similar rare-earth magnets are what make small, powerful, efficient motors possible — the motors inside server and rack fans, CRAH and fan-wall units, CDU and cooling-loop pumps, and the alternators and starter systems on backup generators and gas turbines (Layers 4, 5, 6, 7). The chain runs from mined and separated rare-earth oxides through magnet manufacturing, a step that has historically been concentrated in a small number of countries and companies.\nData centers are not the largest buyer of rare-earth magnets — that's still autos and wind — but AI infrastructure adds motors in places legacy IT didn't need them (liquid-cooling pumps, denser fan arrays) and draws on the same tight magnet-supply base that other electrified end markets are pulling from. Governments in multiple regions have pushed to build alternative separation and magnet-manufacturing capacity outside the traditional supply base, and some fan and motor makers are qualifying reduced-rare-earth designs as a hedge. For investors, the relevant signals are the pace of non-traditional separation and magnet capacity coming online, magnet-maker qualification cycles with data-center-relevant component makers, and how exposed a given fan, pump or genset supplier is to a single magnet source.",
 "ai_delta": "Liquid cooling adds pump and CDU motors that air-cooled racks didn't need, and denser fan arrays add motor count, so AI infrastructure increases the number of rare-earth magnets drawn per rack even though data centers remain a small buyer relative to autos and wind.",
 "bottleneck_status": null,
 "scale_tiers": [
  "edge",
  "enterprise",
  "hyperscale_building",
  "ai_campus",
  "gw_class"
 ],
 "density_modes": [
  "any"
 ],
 "scale_notes": "Present at every scale through fans, pumps and gensets; motor count and magnet draw per site rise with fan-wall and pump density in liquid-cooled hyperscale, campus and gigawatt-class builds.",
 "flow": [
  "supply"
 ],
 "companies": [
  {
   "company_id": "arafura",
   "name": "Arafura",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "ARU.AX",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "energy-fuels",
   "name": "Energy Fuels",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "UUUU",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "iluka",
   "name": "Iluka",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "ILU.AX",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "jl-mag",
   "name": "JL Mag",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "300748.SZ",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "lynas",
   "name": "Lynas",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "LYC.AX",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "mp-materials",
   "name": "MP Materials",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "MP",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "neo-performance",
   "name": "Neo Performance",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "NEO.TO",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "northern-rare-earth",
   "name": "Northern Rare Earth",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "600111.SS",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "shin-etsu",
   "name": "Shin-Etsu",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "4063.T",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "tdk",
   "name": "TDK",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "6762.T",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "usa-rare-earth",
   "name": "USA Rare Earth",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "public",
   "ticker": "USAR",
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "niron",
   "name": "Niron",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": "iron nitride",
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "noveon",
   "name": "Noveon",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "proterial",
   "name": "Proterial",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": null,
   "source_url": null
  },
  {
   "company_id": "vac",
   "name": "VAC",
   "role": "manufacturer",
   "confidence": "inferred",
   "ownership_type": "private",
   "ticker": null,
   "product_note": null,
   "note": "Ara Partners",
   "source_url": null
  }
 ]
}